Which scientific techniques are used in modern biotechnology to yield specific traits?

The application of genetic knowledge is foundational in modern biotechnology, especially in yielding specific traits. This involves using techniques such as gene editing (like CRISPR), recombinant DNA technology, and molecular cloning, which allow scientists to manipulate the genetic material of organisms. By understanding and applying genetic principles, researchers can insert, modify, or remove genes in an organism to achieve desired characteristics, such as pest resistance in crops or improved nutritional profiles in food.

This method is distinctly different from other techniques listed, such as chemical synthesis, which primarily involves creating chemical compounds rather than altering genetic information. Natural selection, while a key biological process for the evolution of traits over many generations, does not involve active intervention or manipulation by humans. Ecological engineering focuses on restoring and managing ecosystems, which, although beneficial, does not directly aim for specific genetic traits in organisms like biotechnology does. Hence, the application of genetic knowledge stands out as the most relevant approach in obtaining specific traits through modern biotechnology.