Which process leads to genetic variation in the offspring?

The process that leads to genetic variation in the offspring is sexual reproduction. This method of reproduction involves the combination of genetic material from two parents, typically through the fusion of male and female gametes (sperm and egg). During sexual reproduction, meiosis occurs, which creates gametes with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cells. This process includes crossing over and independent assortment, where segments of DNA are exchanged between homologous chromosomes, and chromosomes are distributed into gametes in a random manner. As a result, each gamete carries a unique combination of genes.

When fertilization occurs, the resulting zygote contains a mix of genetic material from both parents, contributing to the genetic diversity of the offspring. This genetic variation is crucial for evolution and adaptation, as it provides a population with a wider range of traits to respond to environmental changes. In contrast, asexual reproduction, binary fission, and spores typically result in offspring that are genetically identical to the parent, leading to less genetic variation.