Which biotechnology technique allows for specific desired traits through genetic manipulation?

The answer is Modern Biotechnology because it encompasses a range of techniques that allow scientists to specifically manipulate genes to achieve desired traits in organisms. This can include methods such as genetic engineering, CRISPR, and recombinant DNA technology, which enable precise modifications at the molecular level. With these techniques, specific genes can be inserted, deleted, or altered to introduce traits like disease resistance, increased yield, or enhanced nutritional content in crops or other organisms.

In contrast, natural selection refers to the process by which organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring, but it does so without human intervention in genetic manipulation. Selective breeding involves breeding organisms with desirable traits over multiple generations, but it relies on the natural variations within a population rather than direct genetic modification. Substitution breeding is not a widely recognized term in the context of biotechnology and does not accurately describe a method used to achieve specific trait manipulation. Thus, Modern Biotechnology stands out as the technique that specifically employs genetic engineering to produce desired traits.