What term describes chromosomes that share the same sequence of genes and structure?

The term that describes chromosomes sharing the same sequence of genes and structure is homologous chromosomes. These are pairs of chromosomes in a diploid organism, one inherited from each parent, and they contain the same genes at the same loci, although they may have different alleles for those genes. This similarity in gene sequence and structural characteristics is crucial during processes like meiosis, where homologous chromosomes align and can exchange genetic material through crossover events.

Sister chromatids, on the other hand, represent the identical copies of a chromosome that are formed during DNA replication and are joined together at the centromere, but they are not a pair of chromosomes like homologous chromosomes are. Non-homologous chromosomes refer to different chromosomes that do not share the same gene sequences or structures, making this term irrelevant in the context of the question. Autosomes refer to the non-sex chromosomes in an organism, which can include both homologous pairs and non-homologous chromosomes, but this term does not specifically capture the essence of the gene sequence and structure shared between homologous chromosomes. Thus, homologous chromosomes are the correct term that best fits the definition given in the question.