What is the term for the process whereby seeds or spores sprout and begin to grow?

The process where seeds or spores sprout and begin to grow is referred to as germination. This term specifically describes the early stages of a seed’s development when it begins to absorb water, swell, and break through its outer seed coat. During this process, the embryo inside the seed starts to grow, eventually leading to the development of a new plant. Essential environmental factors such as moisture, temperature, and sometimes light are required for germination to occur effectively.

Other terms in the choices illustrate different biological processes. Growth refers to the general increase in size and mass of an organism after germination has occurred. Photosynthesis is the process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy using carbon dioxide and water, occurring after germination as the plant develops its leaves. Fertilization is the fusion of male and female gametes, which occurs before germination, leading to the formation of a zygote that develops into a seed.