How do plants protect themselves from pathogens?

Plants protect themselves from pathogens primarily through physical barriers, one of the most significant being the waxy cuticle. This cuticle covers the surfaces of leaves and stems, serving as a protective layer that prevents the entry of pathogens such as bacteria and fungi. The waxy nature of the cuticle not only reduces water loss but also acts to inhibit the penetration of pathogens, thereby safeguarding the plant's tissues from infections.

While options such as growing at a faster rate, changing color, or growing taller may have some indirect benefits in terms of overall health and survival, they do not provide direct mechanisms of defense against pathogens. The waxy cuticle is considered a first line of defense that is crucial for maintaining plant integrity and health in the presence of potential threats. This ability to form protective structures is essential for the survival of plants in various environments, where they are constantly exposed to pathogens.